One or more wlan 4 devices must be created for each wireless devices as of FreeBSD 8. The contents of this variable will be passed di- rectly to wlandebug 8.
For in- stance, to configure an ath 4 wireless device in station mode with an address obtained via DHCP, using WPA authentica- tion and If the variable is "YES", the default address selection pol- icy table set by ip6addrctl 8 will be IPv6-preferred. If the variable is "NO", the default address selection policy table set by ip6addrctl 8 will be IPv4-preferred. This means that all of IPv6 functionality on that interface is completely disabled to enforce a security policy.
If the variable is set to "YES", the flag will be cleared on all of the interfaces. However, if an interface is added dynamically by some tunneling protocols such as PPP, for example , it is often difficult to define the variable in advance. Default is "NO". Normally manual configuration of this variable is not needed.
See ifconfig 8 for more details. The sysctl 8 variable net. This static setting may be overridden by commands started with dynamic interface configuration utilities like dhclient 8 hooks. The description can be seen with ifconfig 8 command and it may be exported with bsnmpd 1 daemon using its MIB-2 module.
Note that a link-local address will be automatically config- ured in addition to the configured global-scope addresses be- cause the IPv6 specifications require it on each link. This is useful for the default router address of an IPv6 router so that it does not change when the network interface card is replaced. If this file is found, ip6addrctl 8 reads and installs it. Otherwise IPv4-pre- ferred. If an interface name is specified with ":sticky" keyword, the interface will not be destroyed even when rc.
This is useful when reconfiguring the in- terface without destroying it. The default value is "NO". Even if this variable is speci- fied to "YES", ":nosticky" keyword can be used to override it on per interface basis. The value of this vari- able is used to configure the link layer of the tunnel using the tunnel option to ifconfig.
Additionally, this option en- sures that each listed interface is created via the create option to ifconfig before attempting to configure it. Refer to spppcontrol 8 for more information about available options. When the profile name contains any of the characters ". Accepted modes are "auto", "ddial", "direct" and "dedicated".
See the manual for a full description. Default is "YES". See the manual description of -unit N for details. By default, ppp 8 is started as "root". The files will be read in the order in which they are specified and should include the full path to the file. Default is 3. Note that. If empty, it will be taken from kern.
After the file systems are checked at boot time, the root file system is remounted as read-write if this is set to "YES". Diskless systems that mount their root file system from a read-only remote NFS share should set this to "NO" in their rc. If set to a nega- tive number, the background file system check will be delayed indefinitely to allow the administrator to run it at a more convenient time.
This list should generally not be modified by end users. Extending the default list in this way is only neces- sary when third party file system types are used. This variable contains additional flags to be passed to the Kerberos 5 authentication server. See the amd 8 manpage for more information. For example, if the amd 8 maps are stored in NIS, one can set this to run ypcat 1 to get a list of amd 8 maps from the amd.
A value of seconds will substantially reduce network traf- fic for many NFS operations. The kernel default is typically 4. Using a higher number may be useful on gigabit networks to improve performance. The minimum value is 2 and the maximum is This command is intended for networks of machines where a consistent "network time" for all hosts must be es- tablished. This is often useful in large NFS environments where time stamps on files are expected to be consistent net- work-wide.
This command is intended to synchronize the system clock only once from some standard reference. See ntpd 8 for more information regarding the -g option. Be sure to understand the security implications of running SNMP daemon on your host. This should only be enabled with great care. You may want to fine-tune rtadvd.
Specify this en- try to enable the 6to4 interface. An effective value is This can be set to "AUTO". Set to "normal", "visual", "off", or "NO" if the default behavior is desired. For de- tails, refer to the kbdcontrol 1 manpage. Set to "slow", "normal", "fast", or "NO" if the default behavior is desired. This parameter is ig- nored when using vt 4 as the console driver.
Having this variable set to "YES" allows a usb 4 mouse, for example, to be enabled as soon as it is plugged in. The moused 8 daemon is able to detect the appro- priate mouse type automatically in many cases. Set this variable to "auto" to let the daemon detect it, or select one from the following list if the automatic detection fails.
Likewise, if the mouse is attached to the bus mouse port, choose "auto" or "busmouse". If this is a USB mouse, "auto" is the only protocol type which will work. Refer to the manual page for moused 8 for compatibility information. If the client program does not support the "sysmouse" type, specify the "mousesystems" type.
It is the second preferred type. When Save Config is chosen, a dialog gives two options. Export Password Secret Seed includes passwords in the configuration file which allows the configuration file to be restored to a different operating system device where the decryption seed is not already present. Configuration backups containing the seed must be physically secured to prevent decryption of passwords and unauthorized access.
The Export Password Secret Seed option is off by default and should only be used when making a configuration backup that will be stored securely. After moving a configuration to new hardware, media containing a configuration backup with a decryption seed should be securely erased before reuse. Export Pool Encryption Keys includes the encryption keys of encrypted pools in the configuration file. This does not delete user SSH keys or any other data stored in a user home directory.
Since configuration changes stored in the configuration database are erased, this option is useful when a mistake has been made or to return a test system to the original configuration. The network time protocol NTP is used to synchronize the time on the computers in a network. Accurate time is necessary for the successful operation of time sensitive applications such as Active Directory or other directory services. Figure 7. Table 7. With multiple boot environments, the process of updating the operating system becomes a low-risk operation.
The updater automatically creates a snapshot of the current boot environment and adds it to the boot menu before applying the update. If an update fails, reboot the system and select the previous boot environment, using the instructions in If Something Goes Wrong , to instruct the system to go back to that system state.
Boot environments are separate from the configuration database. Boot environments are a snapshot of the operating system at a specified time. The example shown in Figure 7. The Initial-Install boot environment can be booted into if the system needs to be returned to a non-configured version of the installation. An example is seen in Figure 7. In a mirrored configuration, a failed device can be detached and replaced. An additional device can be attached to an existing one-device operating system device, with these caveats:.
The configurable settings are summarized in Table 7. After the debug data is collected, the system prompts for a location to save the compressed. For example, if a pool exists on a system with limited RAM, the autotune script automatically adjusts some ZFS sysctl values in an attempt to minimize memory starvation issues.
It should only be used as a temporary measure on a system that hangs until the underlying hardware issue is addressed by adding more RAM. Autotune will always slow such a system, as it caps the ARC.
Enable this option to run the autotuner at boot. To run the script immediately, reboot the system. These values can be modified and overridden. Note that deleting tunables that were created by autotune only affects the current session, as autotune-set tunables are recreated at boot.
Legacy interface for older ATA devices. Not recommended for security-critical environments. TCG Opal 1 legacy specification. Only the drive firmware is used to protect the device. TCG Enterprise is designed for systems with many data disks. These SEDs do not have the functionality to be unlocked before the operating system boots.
When managing a SED from the command line, it is important to use sedutil-cli rather than camcontrol to access the full capabilities of the device. By default, SEDs are not locked until the administrator takes ownership of them.
This allows secure disposal of the device without having to first wipe the contents. Run sedutil-cli --scan in the Shell to detect and list devices. The second column of the results identifies the drive type:. Using a global password for all SEDs is strongly recommended to simplify deployment and avoid maintaining separate passwords for each SED.
Record this password and store it in a safe place! Now the SEDs must be configured with this password. Rerun sedhelper setup password every time a new SED is placed in the system to apply the global password to the new SED. The SED Password column shows a mark when the disk has a password.
Disks that are not a SED or are unlocked using the global password are not marked in this column. The SED must be configured to use the new password. Remember SED passwords! While it is possible to specify the PSID number on the label of the device with sedutil-cli , doing so erases the contents of the device rather than unlock it.
Always record SED passwords whenever they are configured or modified and store them in a secure place! Devices with individual passwords are unlocked with their password. Devices without a device-specific password are unlocked using the global password. To verify SED locking is working correctly, go to the Shell. An automatic script sends a nightly email to the root user account containing important information such as the health of the disks.
Alert events are also emailed to the root user account. Problems with Scrub Tasks are reported separately in an email sent at AM. Instead, these emails are usually sent to an external email address where they can be read more conveniently. The first step is to set the remote address where email will be sent.
In the Email field, enter the email address on the remote system where email is to be sent, like admin example. Click SAVE to save the settings.
Use the System Dataset Pool drop-down menu to select the volume pool to contain the system dataset. The system dataset can be moved to unencrypted volumes pools or encrypted volumes which do not have passphrases. If the system dataset is moved to an encrypted volume, that volume is no longer allowed to be locked or have a passphrase set. Moving the system dataset also requires restarting the SMB service.
System logs can also be stored on the system dataset. Storing this information on the system dataset is recommended when large amounts of data is being generated and the system has limited memory or a limited capacity operating system device.
Set Syslog to store system logs on the system dataset. Depending on configuration, the system dataset can occupy a large amount of space and receive frequent writes. Do not put the system dataset on a flash drive or other media with limited space or write life. This section contains settings to customize some of the reporting tools. These settings are described in Table 7.
These events are system Alerts. These alert services might use a third party commercial vendor not directly affiliated with iXsystems. Alert services can be set for a particular severity Level. All alerts of that level are then sent out with that alert service. For example, if the E-Mail alert service Level is set to Info , any Info level alerts are sent by that service. Multiple alert services can be set to the same level. For instance, Critical alerts can be sent both by email and PagerDuty by setting both alert services to the Critical level.
The configurable fields and required information differ for each alert service. Set Enabled to activate the service. Enter any other required information and click SAVE. An example is shown in Figure 7. To configure where alerts are sent, use Alert Services. The rclone credentials to provide secure connections with cloud services are entered here. The hubiC cloud service has suspended creation of new accounts. Cloud Credentials are stored in encrypted form.
The list shows the Account Name and Provider for each credential. Click ADD to add a new cloud credential. Choose a Provider to display any specific options for that provider. Enter a descriptive and unique name for the cloud credential in the Name field. The remaining options vary by Provider , and are shown in Table 7. Clicking a provider name opens a new browser tab to the rclone documentation for that provider.
The Access Token is configured with Open Authentication. If the Secret Key value is unknown, a new key pair can be created on the same Amazon screen. Open Authentication OAuth is used with some cloud providers.
The Credential is valid. More details about individual Provider settings are available in the rclone documentation. Secure Socket Shell SSH is a network protocol that provides a secure method to access and transfer files between two hosts while using an unsecure network. SSH can use user account credentials to establish secure connections, but often uses key pairs shared between host systems for authentication.
These connections are required when creating a new replication to back up dataset snapshots. The remote system must be configured to allow SSH connections. Some situations can also require allowing root account access to the remote system. Manual requires configuring authentication on the remote system. This can require copying SSH keys and modifying the root user account on that system.
See Manual Setup. After authenticating the connection, all remaining connection options are automatically configured. See Semi-Automatic Setup. Saved connections can be edited or deleted.
Choosing to manually set up the SSH connection requires copying a public encryption key from the local to remote system. This allows a secure connection without a password prompt. Highlight the entire Public Key text, right-click in the highlighted area, and click Copy. Set the Setup Method to Manual , select the previously created keypair as the Private Key , and fill in the rest of the connection details for Host 2.
When administrator account credentials are known for Host 2 , semi-automatic setup allows configuring the SSH connection without logging in to Host 2 to transfer SSH keys.
Choose Semi-automatic as the Setup Method. Enter credentials for an Host 2 user account that can accept SSH connection requests and modify Host 2. This is typically the root account. Fill in the remaining connection configuration fields and click SAVE.
Host 1 can use this saved configuration to establish a connection to Host 2 and exchange the remaining authentication keys. Encrypted keypairs or keypairs with passphrases are not supported. The Private Key and Public Key fields fill with the key strings. SSH key pair names must be unique. Click SAVE to store the new keypair.
These saved keypairs can be selected later in the web interface wihout having to manually copy the key values. Adding a sysctl, loader, or rc. Do not create a tunable on a production system before testing the ramifications of that change. Since sysctl, loader, and rc. To add a loader, sysctl, or rc. As soon as a Sysctl is added or edited, the running kernel changes that variable to the value specified. However, when a Loader or rc.
Regardless of the type of tunable, changes persist at each boot and across upgrades unless the tunable is deleted or the Enabled option is deselected. Some sysctls only take effect at system startup, and restarting the system guarantees that the setting values correspond with what is being used by the running system.
Do not add or edit these default sysctls as doing so may render the system unusable. Do not add or edit the default tunables.
Changing the default tunables can make the system unusable. Please do not manually add them back. Most updates require a system reboot. Plan updates around scheduled maintenance times to avoid disrupting user activities. The update process will not proceed unless there is enough free space in the boot pool for the new update files.
If a space warning is shown, go to Boot to remove unneeded boot environments. Update files provide flexibility in deciding when to upgrade the system. Go to Boot to test an update. There are several trains available for updates, but the web interface only displays trains that can be selected as an upgrade.
Update trains are labeled with a numeric version followed by a short description. You can determine if the port has any configurable compile options by clicking its FreshPorts listing.
Figure The Makefile is in ascii text, fairly easy to understand, and documented in bsd. FreeBSD packages are always built using the default options. When you compile the port yourself, those options will be presented to you in a menu, allowing you to change their default settings. Before you can compile a port, the ports collection must be installed within the jail.
From within the jail, use the portsnap utility. The entry for the port at FreshPorts provides the location to cd into and the make command to run. This example will compile the audiotag port:. Since this port has configurable options, the first time this command is run the configure screen shown in Figure Once you are finished, tab over to OK and press Enter. The port will begin to compile and install. If the port has any dependencies with options, their configuration screens will be displayed and the compile will pause until it receives your input.
It is a good idea to keep an eye on the compile until it finishes and you are returned to the command prompt. Once the port is installed, it is registered in the same package database that manages packages. This means that you can use pkg info to determine what was installed, as described in the previous section.
Once the package or port is installed, you will need to configure and start it. Many FreeBSD packages contain a sample configuration file to get you started. Once your configuration is complete, you can test that the service starts by running the script with the onestart option.
As an example, if openvpn is installed into the jail, these commands will run its startup script and verify that the service started:. Most startup failures are related to a mis-configuration: either a typo or a missing option in a configuration file. For example, this is the entry for the openvpn service:. If the software you need requires a different operating system or you wish to use a non-FreeBSD operating system to manage software, use the VirtualBox template to create an instance of phpVirtualBox.
As seen in the example in Figure Once installed, input the IP address of the VirtualBox jail into a web browser and enter the username and password of admin into the login screen. Once authenticated, the screen shown in Figure You can then install the desired operating systems and software into the created virtual machines.
A listing showing the default template is seen in Figure To create a custom template, first install the desired operating system and configure it the way you want.
The installation can be either to an existing jail or on another system. Once your configuration is complete, create a tarball of the entire operating system that you wish to use as a template.
This tarball needs to be compressed with gzip and end in a. In other words, the resulting tarball needs to be saved outside of the operating system being tarballed, such as to an external USB drive or network share. Alternately, you can create a temporary directory within the operating system and use the —exclude switch to tar to exclude this directory from the tarball.
The exact tar command to use will vary, depending upon the operating system being used to create the tarball. Once you have the. Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
This provides a very light-weight, operating system-level virtualization. Consider it as another independent instance of FreeBSD running on the same hardware, without all of the overhead usually associated with virtualization. A Virtualbox template is also provided. This template will install an instance of phpVirtualBox , which provides a web-based front-end to VirtualBox This can then be used to install any operating system and to use the software management tools provided by that operating system.
Note if you plan to add storage to a jail, be aware that the path size is limited to 88 characters. Note the IPv4 and IPv6 bridge interface is used to bridge the epair 4 device, which is automatically created for each started jail, to a physical network device. Login group is user1. Invite user1 into other groups? RSA key fingerprint is 6fefed:4b:9c:c8:ccf0. Note each jail has its own user accounts and service configuration. This directory must reside outside of the volume or dataset being used by the jail.
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